I keep writing about the pause or ‘hiatus’ in global warming because it is at the heart of the debate about global warming, as I mentioned in passing yesterday. And I continue today because in some sense this is a historic moment. The failure of the global temperature anomaly to increase began to worry the orthodox ten years ago, and the longer it went on the more worried some of its members became.
At length, after ten years of nothing had happened, a group of the good and great led by Benjamin Santer wrote a paper explaining that ten years was just too short a period in which to distinguish the signal of human-generated temperature changes from the noise in the system: ‘interannual noise’, they explained, had too much effect on ‘decadal trends’. And they finished their abstract with this strong summary, much quoted since: ‘Our results show that temperature records of at least 17 years in length are required for identifying human effects on global-mean tropospheric temperature.’ Now Santer is a much honoured climate scientist, with strong connections with the University of East Anglia’s Climate Research Student (he got his PhD there) and the IPCC. So here were the leaders of the orthodoxy talking.
Well, 17 years has passed without there being a resumption of warming of any consequence. There has been no response from Santer et al, though others have jumped to their aid, suggesting that even after 17 years you might not see much more than a smidgin of a signal, and that it might take more years — 20, 30, who can tell — for the signs to be there strongly. The trouble with that defence is that in the meantime there hasn’t been any warming, which makes it impossible to show that it is CO2 that does all the work, and extends indefinitely the time it might take to reach the (in my view quite unsupported) claim that we must prevent temperature rises reaching 2 degrees C above the present. And it suggests that ‘climate sensitivity’, the notion that clouds and water vapour will greatly amplify the warming due to increases in CO2 alone, cannot be very high, and might even be zero.
Someone has now done the work to show all of the standard datasets, and the change in 17 years, using the useful Woodfortrees instrument, which is available to anybody who has a bright idea and wants to try it out on temperature data. Here is the first graph.
The background line is the regular Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) plot of the global temperature anomaly, displaying the great el Nino peak of 1998 and its smaller cousin of 2010. Just eye-balling tells you that any net increase in temperature in this time has got to come from those two el Ninos and that, after 1998 at least, there can’t have been much increase, if any. The trend lines for the datasets are the straight lines, and that for RSS is flat, two others are almost flat, and the other three display small increases only. None of them shows statistically significant warming. That of UAH, the steepest, shows a trend that produces warming of less than 1 degree C by 2100, which is hardly a worry.
The next graph looks at how long a flat trend there is for each of the datasets. They are all of course parallel — it is their length that matters. The longest is that of RSS, which you would expect from the previous graph, and only that of UAH (the other remote-sensing dataset) is less than ten years. If present trends continue HadCRUt3, from the University of East Anglia itself, will reach the 17-year mark shortly.
The rising line shows the rise in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The jagged appearance of that line comes from the fact that atmospheric carbon dioxide is greatly affected by plants, which take up as much of their food as they can get in their growing seasons — and most of the plants are in the northern hemisphere.
Altogether, these two graphs are abundant visual evidence that there is something very wrong with the view that human activity in the burning of fossil fuels, making cement and clearing forests is the predominant cause of global warming. And, I’ll say it again, if it hasn’t been able to do so in the last 17 years, there is every reason to suspect that earlier periods of warming were also affected by whatever the elements of natural variability are. In short, the fundamental building block of the AGW scare is shown to be made of cardboard, if not tissue paper.
Keep on giving the message – though who will be convinced by it is rather dubious.
Yes – I find it astounding that even the group of business leaders on Q&A last night all stated they believed in climate change. Especially amazing was Elizabeth Proust, who said she didn’t know anyone who didn’t believe in it. What a narrow circle she moves in.
Maybe we should write to her!
Common Don
Look at where you commence your date line, 1996!. If you go back to say the 1900 you will see another much lager “pause” from 1950 to 1980 where temperature actually declined!!!, before again increasing. Overall temperature has clearly risen steadily over the last 100 years.
Your line of argument is embarrassing!
I picked graph at this at random. There are many other available
http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarm1999/Images/1999_fig1.gif&imgrefurl=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/GlobalWarm1999/&h=400&w=600&sz=17&tbnid=MrV0FrG-P0XJWM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=152&zoom=1&usg=__UtfUcr6O-XAeZ475AgBpu71p5Uw=&docid=B0Pyv3CHQrXGzM&sa=X&ei=BouBUqugOOaKiQflqYB4&ved=0CEEQ9QEwAw
Why is all this embarrassing to you? Colin above has dealt with your point, I think. You chose another graph, but it finishes at 2000, not 2013. Why not one with a later finish? What point are you trying to make?
Don,
My point is, that pause that you focus on is not extraordinary. Larger and more sustained declines temperatures occurred from 1940 to 1980. I simply chose a graph to point out that more significant temperature pauses have occurred in the past, yet overall
temperature has continued to rise.
But for your peace of mind I have found you a temperature graph which finishes in 2013. I aim to please!
http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://vortex.accuweather.com/adc2004/pub/includes/columns/climatechange/2013/590x375_02012255_screen-shot-2013-02-01-at-5.58.35-pm.png&imgrefurl=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/climatechange/expert-commentary-about-2012-g/5358681&h=375&w=590&sz=105&tbnid=T8E0XgkdxH63_M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=142&zoom=1&usg=__kVCeW2Kj97mWhtpoufBE4Via6gA=&docid=xsGVs7viMpbbBM&sa=X&ei=eCGCUpTTK5GViQf82YCwCg&ved=0CD0Q9QEwAg
In response to David,
It is perfectly correct that it matters where you start. If you start in 4000BC, there has been a fall in temperature. Same for 0AD or 1000AD. Different if you choose a cool year.
But Don is correct – many Climate Scientists have claimed in the past that 5 years is too short a time, wait for 10 years. When 10 years are up, they have said 15 years. And so on…But for warming: why only 1 year will do!
There are a number of points to make:
1. What would be a falsification of the Hypothesis that CO2 has a large effect on Temperature?
2. How is the identical slope (DegC/yr) of the 1890s, 1930s and 1980s periods to be explained, given that the rates of increase of CO2 were markedly different.
3. Given the cooling periods in the 20th century, and the hiatus latterly, what is the assessed amplitude(s) and frequency(s) of the natural variations?
These questions cannot now be ducked, or swept away with almost certainly false claims that the heat is hiding somewhere deep in the ocean where we haven’t been measuring it.
And it certainly does not help the pro-hypothesis case that the loudest and most strident proponents are prominent activists – hardly an objective or careful source of wisdom.
What would be a falsification of the Hypothesis that CO2
has a large effect on Temperature?
This is a great question.
Prof Richard Muller was a sceptic who was commission by
US Coal industry to test the AGW. His dataset consisted of 14 million
observations drawn from 44,555 sites dating back to 1753. He concludes that the Earth has warmed and that humans are the cause
But Muller has not proved anything. All he did was present evidence, consistent with AGW, with a data set consisting of 14 million observations and 250 years of data.
Fundamentally Muller’s or any other climate model will look like this.
Global Temperature = f (CO2, X, Y, Z)
Where X, Y, Z are other explanatory covariates such as sun spot activity etc.
So, to falsify the AGW hypothesis you would need to find a new plausible variable, which when variable was inserted into the equation above it would render the coefficient on CO2 statistically insignificant.
Colin
The global temperature 10,000 years ago is not central to the AGW debate. The AGW hypothesis is that since the beginning of the industrial revolution (approx. 1750) CO2 emission have begun to increase global temperature. So while we might be interested in what the temperature in the distant past what is germane is (a) how temperature have changed during the last 500 years and (b) what is our capacity to cope with further changes.
To answer these sorts of questions you would obviously not analyze time series data of only 20 years duration nor would you solely focus on time series data of 10,000 years duration.
It is just not correct to imply that the AGW hypothesis is spuriously based on 1 year of data. NASA, BOM and Australia’s Chief Scientist not to mention the UN support AGW, and by any measure, they do collectively embody objective and a careful source of wisdom.
Regards David
http://m.asia.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304672404579183940409194498?mobile=y.
This article from the WSJ may be of interest – the sun (and sunspots) not behaving as they should.
In response to David.
Sorry for this tardy reply.
You are correct that there has been warming if you start in 1970 or 1900. Don is also correct in stating that there has been no warming since 1996. And I am correct that the world is cooler than 1000 years ago.
So it all depends where you take the start point. There are two observations I would like to make:
1. All the evidence we have on temperature is consistent with a truly chaotic system with at least two major “strange attractors”. Such systems are characterised by possessing multiple NEGATIVE (and no positive) feedbacks. If the climate system is chaotic then we cannot predict the future state. Full stop.
2. The archaeological evidence is that there is a warm period every 1000 years. (Despite the denials by prominent warmistas that the MWP was confined to the North Atlantic, the archaeological evidence from NZ, Australia and Peru is clear cut. Also see http://www.co2science.org/data/mwp/mwpp.php for the science on this.) And recent temperatures with warming followed by cooling/hiatus also suggests a sinusoid. These observations are consistent with a system with at least 3 oscillations (caused by negative feedback with loop gain =1 at the relevant frequencies): a long term very cold to mildly warm oscillation (ice ages), a cold-mildly warm 1000 year oscillation (Roman WP, Medieval WP, now…), and a 50year cool-mildly warm oscillation.
In neither case does a linear relationship such as the claimed effect of more CO2 feature. Natural systems (and indeed most systems designed by humans) are usually not linear. In general the negative feedbacks generate oscillations. Positive feedbacks in such systems (eg, when a hurricane is starting out) are short-lived, never long-term features.
I have looked in vain for discussion of this by warmistas. Perhaps you can provide a link to where this sort of discussion is taking place.
Colin
Not all start points are equal! The AGW hypothesis is that the collective increase CO2 since the industrial revolution has lead to global warming. So we are interested in the trend after this period.
That said Don would be WRONG if he said there we NO global warming since 1996. Please refer to these data supplied
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v3/
And you would be WRONG if you said there had been NO global warming during the last 1000 years
http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/2000_Year_Temperature_Comparison.png&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2000_Year_Temperature_Comparison.png&h=443&w=600&sz=39&tbnid=iERi7AoG4DkBlM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=122&zoom=1&usg=__-FLGRSituPQFtykr_x0CB36XC88=&docid=0VwAV3LtGIO6ZM&sa=X&ei=yweFUvCXF4aTiAeruoCQBg&ved=0CEIQ9QEwAg
Climate is not chaotic. Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter … etc and Day, Night, Day, …etc. The whole reason we can observe a temperature trend over time is because yearly temperatures are correlated, ipso facto the climate system is not chaotic.
An example of a positive feedback would be increasing CO2 leads to global warming, leads to melting of permafrost, leads to release of methane, which leads to more global warming.
But yes there are also negative feedbacks. This is why we have had ice ages followed by interglacial periods every 40,000 to 100,000 years. But that is quite a long to be standing ankle deep in water. 🙂
Don would be wrong if he said that, but he didn’t, and wouldn’t! But he’d be right if he said that the trend from 1998 to 2012 was smaller than the trend from say 1950 to 2012.
The fiat that you can point to regularities in climate does not prevent some of its elements from being chaotic.
Don
Sorry to be a pedant but the word that you frequently use to describe the warming trend is “pause”
for example, here
http://donaitkin.com/measuring-the-pause-in-global-warming/
“I keep writing about the PAUSE or ‘HIATUS’ in global warming because it is at the heart of the debate about global warming, as I mentioned in passing yesterday.
Pause is defined as
“a temporary STOP : a period of time in which something is STOPPED before it is started again”
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pause
And for good measure, in the same dictionary the word “hiatus” is defined as
“a period of time when something (such as an activity or program) is STOPPED”
QED!
“The fiat that you can point to regularities in climate does not prevent some of its elements from being chaotic”
Of course! All statistical models, by definition, have an error term.
My point is that Colin was wrong when he said
“All the evidence we have on temperature is consistent with a truly chaotic system”
because, as you say we can “point to regularities in climate” !
[…] to point to the correlation between rising CO2 levels and rising temperature. But after 1998, and the failure of temperature to keep rising, the orthodox had to find reasons for the failure of air temperature to rise. The current orthodox […]
In response to David,
Proof of the assertion that climate/weather is not chaotic requires much more than assertion. A proof would be that the drivers, system and start state are known to sufficient accuracy to permit accurate forecasts on any time period.
None of those preconditions are present and neither are forecasts accurate. We must assume that the system is chaotic until we can make reliable accurate forecasts.
The evidence you have cited for the temperature of the MWP is not the best available evidence. It comes from the Hockey Stick/UEA/Climategate group of scientists, a group which relies on tree ring methods which are shaky (at best!), and who ignore the great body of other, better evidence from archaeology and geology. It is for example undeniable that the Peruvian indians farmed higher terraces than is possible today, and that the Norse dug 6ft graves in what is now permafrost in Greenland,
But enough anecdotal stuff! Here is the reference, which cites squillions of peer reviewed papers from people who study stalagmites, lake sediments, vegetation, snowlines, soil pollen, archaeology etc.
http://www.co2science.org/data/mwp/quantitative.php
The quantative result of analysing all those papers is that the MWP was higher in temperature than now by a mean of +0.75DegC, SD1DegC (eyeballed from chart).
With regard to the start point, you are trying to establish the hypothesis that mankind’s increased CO2 emissions, insignificant as they are compared with the natural emissions, are the cause of increased temperature.
To establish the hypothesis requires at least three proofs:
1. That the rise in temperature in the period is not natural. That means that you have to show that.. a. the drivers which caused the Roman Warm Period, the Dark ages Cold period, the Middle Ages Warm Period and the Little Ice Age are not responsible for any of the warming..b. that the evident short term sinusoid in the temperature record of the last hundred-odd years has not also contributed to the warming..c. that the observed correlation of temperature with sunspots since 1600 is no longer happening.
You cannot establish that the rise in temperature is not natural without examining the long-term temperature record in great detail, ie you need to look at far-back start points (My starting point).
But also if the observed recent stasis in temperature (Don’s starting point) is due to natural causes, you equally need to quantify that and modify your hypothesis accordingly.
2. That the observed rise in CO2 concentration above Hawaii is not due to natural causes. See
http://www.kaltesonne.de/?p=10877 (Mathematics alert!)
and that the observed distribution of highest CO2 concentrations above the earth’s rain forests rather than industrial sites does not indicate the dominance of natural sources.
3. That the observed rate of warming is identical to the calculated theoretical effect. My understanding is that the warmista argument relies on POSITIVE feedback, another hypothesis which is not established and is in raging dispute in the journals. Recent papers are all pointing to less sensitivity, ie lower than previously claimed temperature rise due to CO2.
Colin
Definition of chaotic
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/chaotic
“completely confused or disordered”
If it was chaotic we would not have weather service dedicated to predicting it.
ipso facto Weather/climate is not chaotic.
[…] will happen. Neither of these possibilities seems very plausible to me. As I have pointed out in recent essays, the most recent trend is towards no further warming, or even cooling, and that possibility might […]